四级听力语音语调的特点
一、语调的表意功能
在四级听力中,语调具有重要的表意功能。英语是语调语言,语调是人们说话时声调高低抑扬的变化。一句话除了有词汇意义,还有语调意义,即说话人用语调所表示的态度或口气,两者相加才是完全的意义。例如,一般来说,降调表示肯定、夸奖或抱怨,升调表示怀疑、责备、否定、询问、思考等。比如“Are they `cleaning the ↗classroom?”,这里的升调就表示询问的语气。不同的语调可以使相同的句子表达出截然不同的意思,有时甚至会相差千里。
二、音素的变化
连读
连读是四级听力中常见的语音现象。它指两个或多个属于不同单词的音素因语音规则、位置相邻或语速较快等原因连在一起读的现象。例如“go out”的读音连读应该是[gaut],而不是[gau'aut]。连读会使单词之间的界限变得模糊,如果不熟悉这种现象,就可能会影响对听力内容的理解。
失爆
英语中的6个爆破音[b] [t] [d] [k] [g]在某些情况下不发出来,只保留发音的口型,这就是失爆。例如在“big company”中,爆破音[g]在爆破音[k]前不发音,所以其发音则由原来的[big’kɔmpəni]失爆成[bi’kɔmpəni]。这种音的省略可能会让考生在听力中难以准确识别单词。
同化
同化是指语速加快时某些词连读造成语音相互影响而产生的语音变化。英语的单音在词里或句子里受前后音的影响,往往发生变异或同化现象。例如,“sink”中的n受软腭音k的影响发成[sɪŋk]。
弱读
英语中有些非重读词采用弱读的方式。弱读出现在该词不需要强调时,说话人的语气和情绪因素也可能造成单词的弱读。例如:“he[hi:]弱读成[hi];been[bi:n]弱读成[bɪn](元音前的辅音省略);his[hiz]弱读成[iz];have[hæv]弱读成[əv](辅音前的元音省略)。在听力中,弱读的单词可能会因为发音不清晰而被忽略。
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Passage Two
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage:
People are being lured (引诱)onto Facebook with the promise of a fun, free service without realizing they’re paying for it by giving up toads of personal information. Facebook then attempts to make money by selling their data to advertisers that want to send targeted messages.
Most Facebook users don’t realize this is happening. Even if they know what the company is up to, they still have no idea what they’re paying for Face book because people don’t really know what their personal data is worth.
The biggest problem, however, is that the company keeps changing the rules Early on you keep everything private. That was the great thing about facebook you could create own little private network. Last year. The company changed its privacy rules so that many things you city. Your photo, your friends’ names-were set, by default (默认)to be shared with every one on the Internet.
According to Facebook’s vice-president Elliot Schrage, the company is simply making changes to improve its service, and if people don’t share information They have a “less satisfying experience”.
Some critics think this is more about Facebook looking to make more money. In original business model, which involved selling ads and putting then At the side of the pages totally Who wants to took at ads when they’re online connecting with their friends?
The privacy issue has already landed Facebook in hot water in Washington. In April. Senator Charles Schumer called on Facebook to change its privacy policy. He also urged the Federal Trade Commission to set guidelines for social-networking sites.“I think the senator rightly communicated that we had not been clear about what the new products were and how people could choose to use them or not to use them,” Schrage admits.
I suspect that whatever Facebook has done so far to invade our privacy, it’s only the beginning. Which is why I’m considering deactivating(撤销)my account. Facebook is a handy site, but I’m upset by the idea that my information is in the hands of people I don’t That’s too high a price to pay.
注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
62.What do we learn about Facebook from the first paragraph?
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